Essay On Christopher Columbus - 1530 Words

Hinga, Dinga, Durgen! (Spongebob) We were taught in school the saying, In 1492 Columbus sailed the ocean blue, to help us remember when Christopher Columbus discovered America. We learned the Spanish monarchy funded him and he set sail on the Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria in hopes of finding a route to the riches that were in the west indies. He landed on an island, and this was how what we know as America was discovered and referenced as the New World. We even have a day set aside here in the United States to celebrate his accomplishment. It is difficult to believe that growing up we were taught history that was so inaccurate. Who was first to come to what we now call the Americas? There are many theories from the†¦show more content†¦He struggled to get funding and supplies needed to explore this theory, and after much rejection, the King and Queen of Spain agreed to sponsor his journey. On August 3, 1492, he sailed from Spain, and on October 12 they finally spott ed land. In a letter he wrote to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of his first voyage, he had reached the Indian sea and discovered many populated islands that he took possession of without resistance, in the name of the King and Queen of Spain. He named the first island San Salvador (Major 2). The natives that lived there greeted him and his crew and offered them gifts. He sent out two of his men to explore the island and to gather information of the natives that were living there. They discovered it was a massive population. In the meantime, Columbus seized some Indians and learned from them that they were on an island (Major 4). He also found that the people that were inhabiting the island were simple, honest, and kind. They would offer up any of their possessions (Major 7). Columbus also mentioned in his letter that he had taken some Indians by force from, the first island...in order that they might learn our language, and communicate to us what they knew respecting the country (Major 9). Bartolome de las Casa was an explorer that traveled with Columbus on his second journey and later became a priest. He noted in his writings of The Short AccountShow MoreRelatedEssay on Christopher Columbus? Or Not Christopher Columbus?1329 Words   |  6 Pages On Columbus Day students across the nation will learn how Columbus discovered the New World and about his fantastic travels to the New World. Children will learn poems, stories, songs and rhymes about his travels and about himself as well on this day. When introduced to Columbus as a young student he is portrayed as a respectful gentleman and as a hero, when in reality he is a selfish man who takes advantage of lesser people and schools should be teaching their students about who Columbus reallyRead MoreEssay on Christopher Columbus1614 Words   |  7 PagesChristopher Columbus Although nearly every phase of any exploration had its good and bad outcomes the benefits of Columbus discovery of the New World far outweigh the negative results of that enterprise; because his discovery stimulated further development of both Europe and the New World. His voyage was an epochal and magnificent discovery in that it confirmed the roundness of the earth and gave new validity to science, expanded trade and opened new markets and led to the industrializationRead MoreChristopher Columbus Essay1097 Words   |  5 PagesChristopher Columbus was born in 1451 at Genoa. Genoa was a seaport that was on the Ligurian sea. His name was Cristoforo Colombo and that was translated into English as Christopher Columbus. Christopher Columbus had two brothers, which he was older than both. Christopher Columbus had little schooling just like most of the people during that age. Genoa was a busy seaport and Christopher Columbus learned much from the sailors. Christopher Columbus’s f ather was a poor weaver. Christopher Columbus workedRead More Christopher Columbus Essay474 Words   |  2 Pagesin search of a direct sea route from Europe to Asia, Christopher Columbus accidentally discovered the Americas. However, in four separate voyages to the Caribbean from 1492 to 1504, he remained convinced that he had found the lands that Marco Polo reached in his overland travels to China at the end of the 13th century. To Columbus it was only a matter of time before a passage was found through the Caribbean islands to the cities of Asia. Columbus was not the first European to reach the Americas VikingsRead MoreEssay on Christopher Columbus1931 Words   |  8 Pagesdeeply held, yet imperfectly understood, beliefs. The role of history in the iconography of the United States is pervasive, yet the facts behind the fiction are somehow lost in an amorphous haze of patriotism and perceived national identity. Christopher Columbus, as a hero and symbol of the first order in America, is an important figure in this pantheon of American myth. His status, not unlike most American icons, is representative not of his own accomplishments, but the self-perception of the societyRead MoreEssay on Christopher Columbus539 Words   |  3 PagesIn 1492 Columbus sailed the ocean blue. But should America really celebrate Christopher Columbus? Was he really responsible for finding America or was he just simply lucky? The real question is, should the American people praise a man who had killed many innocent people? Though Columbus Day is ce lebrated no one really knows for what reasons. Most Americans just enjoy their day off. Would they celebrate Columbus Day if they really knew the facts? Christopher Columbus was an explorer funded byRead MoreChristopher Columbus Essay1310 Words   |  6 PagesChristopher Columbus set out on his voyage in 1942 on the West Indian islands, to find a new world for the Europeans. When he landed on the Caribbean Island the Indian Natives that lived there were at first scared but greeted him in a friendly manner. The conquest and settlement of the Western Hemisphere opened new opportunities for other Europeans such as the French, Dutch, English and Spanish to come to the island and colonize the Indians land. For the Europeans to colonize and move in on NativeRead More Christopher Columbus Essay548 Words   |  3 PagesChristopher Columbus was born in Genoa, Italy in 1451. He was named Christofero Columbo, after the patron saint. His father was Donenico Columbo, a weaver and wool dealer. Columbus had two brothers, Diego and Bartolome. Historians are certain that Columbus was not a noble. Columbuss crew on the first voyage were not a bunch of cutthroats. They were mostly hometown boys from Andalusia, and nearly all experienced seamen. Of the four voyages of Columbus, only the crew of the first voyage is completelyRead More Christopher Columbus Essay875 Words   |  4 PagesChristopher Columbus is a very important person in our countrys history. He found the New World, the one we live in today. He started the society that makes us who we are today, the society that allowed our ancestors to come to America and start the life that we live now. This whole world owes their lives to him. Columbus should always be remembered as a very important and very good person in history. Columbus made an especially daring trip when he set sail for the Indies. He knew he was headedRead More Christopher Columbus Essay808 Words   |  4 Pages The skills and qualities required of Christopher Columbus in order for him to lead a safe and successful voyage to undiscovered and unexplored lands weighed heavily on him, as he was initially placed in a headship position in the course of the planning of the journey because he originated and entertained the idea of finding a passage to China through unmarked waters. With his assiduousness and persistence, his appeal and intelligence, he was able to convince the King and Queen of Spain to fund

Final Descriptive Writing Free Essays

Anton Meriwether When you are trying to write a descriptive piece then it is best to describe everything in a very visual way to that would make the reader use it’s five senses. Using the five senses in a descriptive writing really elevates your piece and makes it stand out. I’m from a small city in northern Indiana where not many people visit even actually hardly at all. We will write a custom essay sample on Final Descriptive Writing or any similar topic only for you Order Now The city is off the coast of Lake Michigan which creates a slight cold breeze in middle of December and all of January. The city is called Michigan City, Indiana. Have you ever heard of The Blue Chip Casino? Of course you have I mean who haven’t. The Blue Chip Casino is like a boat casino and it is also the tallest building in the whole city. The Casino sits at one end Of Michigan Blvd which is one of the main roads in the city and also one of the longest. Another thing about the city is a place called The Dunes. The Dunes is a big sand hill that depending on the weather will burn your feet. The Dunes is a great place to go if you’re looking to have some fun walking n sand and also going to the beach. Hearing the beach at night just calms you down no matter what is going on because, hearing the breeze flow over the lake creates a sound that can’t be mimicked by technology which is very rare nowadays. Michigan City is a good place to visit but of course every city has its down falls I mean Atlanta is too big like huge for no reason at all, no seriously, really dumb big and parking is expensive and can’t even drive yet and I’m saying, it’s just ridiculous, but back to the task at hand. One problem about Michigan City is the weather, if you are not used to cold weather or don’t like it then it’s not your place because it gets freezing, iceman, Antarctica, I’m staying inside the house cold. That is a descriptive writing that includes all five senses. When you use all the senses then you are truly writing a descriptive writing, because how can you describe something without using the senses, I mean, you not even describing anything all you are doing is just talking about it and that won’t get my attention. I hope this helps you become a better descriptive writer. How to cite Final Descriptive Writing, Essays

Magnetic Field and Cathode Ray Tube Essay Example For Students

Magnetic Field and Cathode Ray Tube Essay Experiment 4 Measurement of e by Thomsons bar magnet method. m Apparatus: Cathode ray tube (CRT) with power supply unit, one pair of bar magnets, high resistance voltmeter, magnetometer, stopwatch. Purpose of experiment: ? e? To measure the specific charge, i. e. charge to mass ratio ? ? , of an electron using ? m? Thomsons bar magnet method. Basic methodology: Electrons in a CRT are deflected in the vertical direction by applying a potential between the vertical deflection plates of the CRT. A magnetic field perpendicular to the deflecting electric field is produced using a pair of bar magnets. The position of the magnets is adjusted so as to cancel the deflection of the electrons. The knowledge of the deflecting potential and the magnet field of the bar magnets leads to a calculation of the specific charge. I. Introduction We have learnt that the electron has a negative charge whose magnitude e equals 1. 6 ? 10? 19 Coulomb and mass (m) equal to 9. 1 ? 10 ? 31 Kg. Millikans Oil Drop method enables us to measure the electron charge but the mass of the electron can not be measured directly. It is calculated by measuring the value of e/m. The aim of this experiment is to determine value of e/m by Thomsons method. This involves the motion of an electron in a cathode ray tube (CRT). A simplified form of a cathode ray tube is shown in Fig. 1. The electrons are emitted from the cathode and accelerated towards the anode by an electric field. A hole in the accelerating anode allows the electrons to pass out of the electron gun and between the two sets of deflection plates. The metallic coating inside the tube shields the right end free of external electric fields and conducts away the electrons after they strike the fluorescent screen where they form a luminous spot. Plates for Plates for vertical Focusing Anode horizontal deflection Accelerating deflection Anode Control Grid Electron Beam Metallic Coating Fluorescent Screen Heater Cathode Electron Gun Fig. 1 I. 2 This experiments can be divided into the two followings parts: 1. 2. The electric field (E) is applied alone. This produces a deflection of the electron beam. A magnetic is simultaneously applied along with the electric field so the deflection produced by the electric field is exactly counter-balanced by that produced by the magnetic field. As a result the spot made by the electron on the fluorescent screen returns back to the central position. Fig. 2 Fig. 2 Let us consider an electron moving in the direction of magnetic meridian (say x. -axis) with a velocity v0 m/s after passing through the accelerating anode. Under the action of the electrostatic field E = V/s (s being the vertical distance between the plates VV and V the deflecting voltage) each electron, as it passes between the plates, is acted upon by a perpendicular force eE. As a result the electron moves along a parabolic path AB (Fig. 2). The equation of motion is ? d2y? m? 2 ? = eE , ? dt ? ? ? which, upon integrating once with respect to time, gives (1) dy ? v0 ? ? = (eE / m )t ? dx ? (2) where v0 = dx/dt is the constant horizontal velocity. Here we also used the initial condition dy/dx = 0 at point A and time t=0. At any point distant x (=v0t) from point A in the field between the plates VV, eq. (2) gives dy ? eE ? ?x =? dx ? mv0 2 ? ? ? (3) On leaving the electrostatic field at point B (i. e. x=a), the electron moves along the tangential path BC with its velo city making an angle ? with the horizontal. Clearly, ? dy ? tan? = tan FBC = ? ? = ? dx ? at po int B ? eE ? ? ? ? mv 2 ? a ? 0 ? = tangent to the curve AB at point B (4) The electron finally strikes the screen at the point C (Fig. 2). The total vertical deflection of the electron y = CF + FO. Now CF = BF tan ? = L tan ? = eEaL . 2 mv0 (5) On the other hand, by eq. (3), we have ? eEx ? eEa 2 ? dx = BD = ? dy = ? ? ? mv 2 ? 2 mv02 ? 0 ? (6) Therefore the total displacement (y) in the spot position on the screen S due the application of electric field between the plates VV is y = CF + F O = CF +BD y= Thus eEa ? a ? + L? 2 ? mv0 ? 2 ? (7) e = m 2 v0 y ? a ? Ea? + L ? 2 ? ? (8) Hence, if the velocity of electron along the X-axis (v0) is known, the value of e/m can be calculated. I. 3 Let B be the magnetic field produced by the two bar magnets placed symmetrically on either side of the cathode ray tube at a distance d from it. The magnetic field of the bar magnets will be in the east-west direction. The magnetic force on the electron is given by F = ? e v ? B . This sets up a force Bev0 on the moving electron along the y direction. As a result, the electrons path becomes circular, with radius of curvature r given by 2 mv0 = Bev0 . r ( ) (9) When the forces on the electron beam due to electric and magnetic field are equal and opposite, the electron beam will be undeflected. Discrimination Everywhere! EssayReverse the deflection voltage and (with magnets removed) note the deflection of the spot. Place the magnets on the scale and find the value of d for which the spot returns to its initial position. Repeat the above steps for three different spot positions (Note: The deflection voltage should not exceed 375 Volts) PART B: Determination of time period of oscillation of magnetometer needle Align the wooden arm on which the magnetometer is placed along the magnetic meridian and place the magnets along the scales in the EW direction at the same distance d as in Part A. Note the equilibrium deflection ? 0. With a third magnet, slightly disturb the needle from its equilibrium position and measure the time period of oscillations T. Now remove the magnets and let the needle come to equilibrium at 00 – 0 0 position. Disturb the needle about this equilibrium position and measure the time period T0 of the oscillations. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 4. Precautions: The cathode ray tube should be accurately placed with its longitudinal axis in the magnetic meridian. The spot on the screen should not be allowed to remain at a given position on the screen for a long time. There should not be any other disturbing magnetic field near the apparatus. While taking the observations for time periods, the maximum angular displacement of the magnetic needle should not exceed 40-50 degrees. Exercises and Viva Questions. Study the working of a CRT. What is the a typical value of accelerating voltage used in a CRT ? Estimate the velocity v0 of the electron. What will happen to the spot if a sounsidally time varying voltage is applied to the deflecting plates VV or HH? What will happen if such a voltage (of the same frequency) is applied simultaneously to the horizontal and vertical deflection plates? Draw a neat diagram showing the 3-dimensional orientations of vectors of the electrons horizontal velocity, the electric field, the magnetic field, the electric force on the electron and magnetic force as the electron moves in the CRT. Orient your diagram according to the experimental set-up. If the deflecting voltage is switched off but the bar magnets kept in place, will there be a deflection of the spot? Describe qualitatively the motion of the electron in the CRT from aperture to screen. III. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Describe the motion of the electron in the CRT in the presence of the deflecting voltage magnetic fields of the magnets. What is the effect of the Earths magnetic field on the electron motion? What would happen if the apparatus were rotated by 90 ° so that the CRT is along the E-W direction. Consider a dipole  µ aligned with a magnetic field. If the dipole is given a small angular displacement, then it experiences a restoring torque ? =  µBsin? where ? is the angle between the dipole and magnetic field. Considering small displacements ? , show that  µB the dipole will oscillate about the equilibrium with angular frequency , I being its I moment of inertia. Recalculate the integral I (eq. 12)) assuming that the magnetic field of the magnet is a constant B = Bm. Use this to recalculate the specific charge e/m. Does our approximate evaluation of I improve the evaluation of e/m? What are the sources of error in this experiment? How does your result compare with the e/m measurement by Thomson’s method? Which experiment is more accurate? 1. 2. â€Å"Advanced Practical Physics for Studentsâ₠¬ , B. L. Worsnop and H. T. Flint, Metheun London, 1942. â€Å"Physics†, M. Alonso and E. J. Finn, Addison Wesley, 1992. 8. 9. 10. References: Experiment 4: Measurement of e by Thomsons bar magnet method m Observations and Results Observations: Constant values: Length of plate, a = 2 cm Distance to screen from plate, L = 16. 0 cm Distance between the plates, S = 0. 4 cm Horizontal component of Earths magnetic fields BE = 3. 53 ? 10? 5 T. PART A: Measurement of deflection y: Initial position of spot, y0 = _____________ cm (specify +ve or –ve). Table 1 Displaced position of spot y1 (cm) Direct Reverse Displacement of spot y = y 1? y0 Direct Reverse Position of magnet d (cm) Direct Reverse Applied Voltage V (volts) Mean displacement y (cm) Mean d (cm) PART B: Determination of Time period Table 2 No. of oscillations = _______________ With Magnets Without Magnets S. No Total time T0 d =_____cm d =_____cm d =_____cm ?0 = ____deg Total time T ?0 = ____deg Total time T ?0 = ____deg Total Time T 1 2 3 Mean T0 Mean T All time measurements are in seconds Calculations  §a  · ? + L ? a Vy e  ©2 ? = m SI 2 Displacement d(cm) Bm = T BE sin ? 0 T 2 0 2 2 I = Bm ? d d 2 + Lo ? d 2 ?  «  »  ¬ ? Results: Calculated value of specific charge of electron Standard value of e = _____________ C/kg. 1. 759X1011 m e = ___________ C/kg. m % error in e = ___________________ m

The Views Of Mencius And Hsun-Tzu On Heaven Essays - Confucianism

The Views Of Mencius And Hsun-Tzu On Heaven November 17, 1999 The Views of Mencius and Hsun-tzu on Heaven. Mencius believes that it is our nature and mind that determine what we are. It is our fate that governs our fortunes and determines our lease on life. Fate was originally a patent to a fief-holder, given by the Son of Heaven as Heaven's deputy to a feudatory. In extended usage it became our lot in life - the fate ordained by heaven. While people guard their minds and determine their conduct, they cannot determine their fate, which is in Heaven's hands. So, Mencius believed that though all humans are innately good, the realization of that good comes with self-cultivation and self-knowledge. Hsun-tzu could not accept Mencius idealistic view of human nature, nor did he believe that Heaven was the sole arbiter of human behavior. He believed that the importance of humankind in the universe is equal to but different from the importance of Heaven and Earth: Heaven has its seasons, Earth has its riches and man has his culture. This is what is meant by the Trinity. Humanity's function is to utilize the resources of Heaven and Earth to create its own culture. This can be done through the strength acquired from social organization. However, because the social organization needs to be regulated, lest it break down, and because desires are many, but things are few, Hsun-tzu taught that people need to be restricted and guided by rules and morality. In my view of these two philosophers, I feel that Mencius' views are much more common in most religious traditions today. Mencius beliefs are a lot like Christianity, which is the religion that I am most familiar with. He believes that Heaven is a moral force whose mandate is to be respected and followed by human beings. We follow Heaven's mandate by knowing and nourishing our human nature. Our human nature is good. When you look at the Doctrine of four beginnings, Jen, Yi, Li, and Chih, when these are fully developed, you have a very wise and harmonious person. If you have nature you have Heaven. If no nature, no Heaven. This is self-cultivation. In my religious tradition if you do the will of God, you will receive eternal life (Heaven). Religion Essays

The Role of hospitality in the Homeric world

The Role of hospitality in the Homeric world In the Homeric world the theme of hospitality has been used in a rather obsessive manner with the author raising it very more often, in this writing the social world is complicated and confused.Within the society comprising Homer’s world are the hospitable and noble people on one side and the exploiters on the other side.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of hospitality in the Homeric world-Odyssey specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The exploiters are ungrateful of the favors extended to them and they grab every chance that comes their way to wreck havoc amongst their host, they hold their host ransom at their own backyard. It’s prudent to say that majority of the Homeric world as portrayed in the first book is a socially spoilt world. None the less the Homeric world gives a glimpse of the noble men and women who live within that society, they appreciate and acknowledge the little favors and hospit ality extended to them and in some instances they returned this favors to their fellow honorable men of the society. When Minerva visited Ithaca ,after descending from Olympus to Ulysses house disguised as a visitor she found Penelope’s suitors seated on hides of skins from oxen which they had slaughtered and eaten ,the suitors were so comfortable and felt at home within Penelope’s and Telemachus’ (Ulysses son)house. As Homer put it, they were cutting great chunks of meat and mixing wine while the servants were waiting upon them (8:13)1, that was the scope of Penelope’s hospitality. However, the suitors were themselves inhospitable; they could not extend the kindness shown to them to other people as they don’t take notice of the visitor at the gate (Minerva). Telemachus is a great host and he is kind to his visitor, he is surprised that a stranger could be kept for long without being welcomed. Telemachus is socially upright, he first welcomes his g uest to partake of food before he engages her in any conversation (9:9)1, he receives her spear and sets it up on the bearing post and set up a â€Å"richly decorated seat for her† and her feet away from the annoying suitors(10:1)1. Further, the extent of Telemachus hospitality has been portrayed when the suitors were served with â€Å"good things† by men servant and maids (12:4)1. Unfortunately, they exploited this hospitality, for instance when they had finished eating they forced Phemius to sing and as Minerva soon observed â€Å"singing come cheap to those who do not pay for it† (13:2)1.Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Minerva is disgusted by the unreasonable behavior of the suitors and criticizes them as being atrocious. On the other hand Minerva is offered a gift but he modestly declined but promises to accept it the next time they meet and in return he will give him another of no less value. The behavior of these two characters in this epic indicates the hospitability that existed in this society especially in relation to the host (Telemachus) and the responsiveness of the guest. In the third book when Minerva and Telemachus go to Pylos to look for odyssey they were received well by their hosts, Homer writes that Nestor’s son offered them a hand (Minerva and Telemachus) and sat them on soft sheep skin. The Pylos society is a religious society as is indicated in their insistence that the guest pray for the drinks that they were about to partake. Their excellent religious believes are also reflected in their good social behavior especially for their being great hosts, they offered dinner to the guests without even inquiring who they were. This shows as how they use hospitality as away of worshiping their gods. When night came the guest were given drinks and they as much as they could. As they were heading to their ship Nestor made them to stay exclaiming that heaven and the immortal gods forbad their leaving of his house and going to sleep on board a ship. Nestor is an excellent host and he rebukes the guests attempt to live, informing them that he had the means and ability to not only get beddings for his guests and himself but also clothes for them as well. When they had agreed to come back, they were mixed the best wine (eleven year old wine) they were put to bed comfortably by their host and when morning come their host extended his hospitality to the remaining crew, he sent for the remaining crew of the ship to come so that they can merry for he ordered that a heifer be slaughtered. Hospitality in this instance is a way of offering respect to their gods. In book three we are told how hospitality plays a big role in fostering the relationships that exists between the gods and the people. The Homeric society has a lot of respect for their gods as it was illustrated by Nestor upon re alizing that Minerva was a goddess, she pampered her guest with food and excellent boarding which culminated in him sending Telemachus on a tour of the country with his son, giving him with a chariot and provisions of wine, bread and other things for their journey (4:2, 3)4 Hospitality plays a big role in fostering peace and tranquility in the Homeric world, when Pisistratus and Telemachus got to Menelaus house and Eteoneus informs him of the strange visitors and how he should deal with them, Menelaus rebukes him for failing to invite the visitors and showing kindness to them, he acknowledges that he himself has been shown kindness before in the places that he visited and he states that that’s gods way of bringing a peaceful coexistence in the society henceforth.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of hospitality in the Homeric world-Odyssey specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The suitors disregard the hosp itality given to them and this time they take it higher by being completely ungrateful and having a plot to completely bring down Telemachus, the servant Medon tells her mistress ,Penelope, that the suitor s were plotting something more dreadful against Telemachus on his way home from finding out what befell his father (69; 1)4. The suitors portray these society badly but they defend their action by blaming Penelope for keeping them waiting instead of choosing one of them or going back to her father where she will be bestrode to another mate, they accuse her of spinning a loom in the day and when the night came she undid it and thus keeping them waiting for the day she will finish spinning the loom for she had promised that on finishing she will choose a suitor amongst the men. To them they use inhospitality is a revenge tactic. Conclusion Much of the Homeric society is a fine society especially in regard to hospitality; most of them treat their visitors in the most excellent way. T hey do not ask any questions to the visitors until they have been welcomed, washed and given food and drinks to their full. However, the suitor bring a rather heavy contradiction on this noble vise that the society in Homer’s world has portrayed, they exploit, reciprocate in a rather mischievous way and want to do something dreadful to their host. In the first book we are told of how they tell Telemachus to his face that they won’t get out of his fathers house. Hospitality plays many roles in this society and is the pillar stone of that society as it has been demonstrated in the ways to which they grab every opportunity to extend hospitality to their visitors. Work Cited Homer, The Odyssey, Butler, S. ed,United States: Orange Street Press Classics,1998.pdf.

Understanding the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

Understanding the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence The triarchic theory of intelligence proposes that there are three distinct types of intelligence: practical, distinct, and analytical. It was formulated by Robert J. Sternberg, a well-known psychologist whose research often focuses on human intelligence and creativity. The triarchic theory is comprised of three subtheories, each of which relates to a specific kind of intelligence: the contextual subtheory, which corresponds to practical intelligence, or the ability to successfully function in one’s environment; the experiential subtheory, which corresponds to creative intelligence, or the ability to deal with novel situations or issues; and the componential subtheory, which corresponds to analytical intelligence, or the ability to solve problems. Triarchic Theory of Intelligence Key Takeaways The triarchic theory of intelligence originated as an alternative to the concept of general intelligence factor, or g.  The theory, proposed by psychologist Robert J. Sternberg, contends that there are three types of intelligence: practical (the ability to get along in different contexts), creative (the ability go come up with new ideas), and analytical (the ability to evaluate information and solve problems).The theory is comprised of three subtheories: contextual, experiential, and componential. Each subtheory corresponds to one of the three proposed types of intelligence. Origins Sternberg  proposed his theory in 1985 as an alternative to the idea of the general intelligence factor. The general intelligence factor,  also known as  g, is what intelligence tests typically measure. It  refers only to â€Å"academic intelligence.† Sternberg argued that practical intelligence- a person’s ability to react and adapt to the world around them- as well as creativity are equally important when measuring an individuals overall intelligence.  He also argued that  intelligence isn’t fixed, but rather  comprises a set of abilities that can be developed.  Sternbergs assertions led to the creation of his theory.   Subtheories Sternberg broke his theory down into  the following  three subtheories: Contextual subtheory: The contextual subtheory says that intelligence is intertwined with the individual’s environment. Thus, intelligence is based on the way one functions in their everyday circumstances, including one’s ability to a) adapt to one’s environment, b) select the best environment for oneself, or c) shape the environment to better fit one’s needs and desires.Experiential subtheory: The experiential subtheory proposes that there is a continuum of experience from novel to automation to which intelligence can be applied. It’s at the extremes of this continuum that intelligence is best demonstrated. At the novel end of the spectrum, an individual is confronted with an unfamiliar task or situation and must come up with a way to deal with it. At the automation end of the spectrum, one has become familiar with a given task or situation and can now handle it with minimal thought.  Ã‚  Componential subtheory: The componential theory outlines t he various mechanisms that result in intelligence. According to Sternberg, this subtheory is comprised of three kinds of mental processes or components:Metacomponents enable us to monitor, control, and evaluate our mental processing, so that we can make decisions, solve problems, and create plans.Performance components are what enable us to take action on the plans and decisions arrived at by the metacomponents.Knowledge-acquisition components enable us to learn new information that will help us carry out our plans. Kinds of Intelligence Each subtheory reflects a particular kind of intelligence or ability: Practical intelligence:  Sternberg called one’s ability to successfully interact with the everyday world  practical intelligence. Practical intelligence is related to the contextual subtheory. Practically intelligent people are especially adept at behaving in successful ways  in their external environment.Creative intelligence:  The experiential subtheory is related to creative intelligence, which is one’s ability to use  existing knowledge to create new ways to handle new problems or cope in new situations.Analytical intelligence:  The componential subtheory is related to analytical intelligence, which is essentially academic  intelligence. Analytical intelligence is used to solve problems and is the kind of intelligence that is measured  by a standard IQ test Sternberg observed that all three kinds of intelligence are necessary for successful intelligence, which refers to  the ability to be successful in life based on one’s abilities, personal desires, and environment. Critiques There have been a number of critiques and challenges to Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence over the years. For example,  educational psychologist  Linda  Gottfredson says  the theory  lacks a solid empirical basis, and observes that the data used to back up the theory is meager. In addition, some scholars argue that practical intelligence is redundant with the concept of job knowledge, a concept that is more robust and has been better researched. Finally, Sternberg’s own definitions and explanations of his terms and concepts have at times been imprecise. Sources Gottfredson, Linda S. â€Å"Dissecting practical intelligence theory: Its claims and evidence† Intelligence, vol. 31, no. 4, 2003, pp.343-397, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-2896(02)00085-5Meunier, John. â€Å"Practical Intelligence.† Human Intelligence, 2003. intelltheory.com/practicalintelligence.shtmlSchmidt, Frank L., and John E. Hunter. â€Å"Tacit Knowledge, Practical Intelligence, General Mental Ability, and Job Knowledge† Current Directions in Psychological Science, vol. 2, no. 1, 1993, pp. 8-9,  https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep10770456Sternberg, Robert J. Beyond IQ: A Triarchic Theory of Human Intelligence. Cambridge University Press, 1985.Sternberg, Robert J. â€Å"The Theory of Successful Intelligence† Review of General Psychology, vol. 3, no. 4, 1999, 292-316, http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.3.4.292â€Å"Triarchic Theory of Intelligence.† Psychestudy, https://www.psychestudy.com/cognitive/intelligence/triarchic

Organisations and thier environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Organisations and thier environment - Essay Example Mullins (2005) contends that organisations comprise 'people, objectives, structures' and 'management'. External: These are the factors which on which an organisation may not be able to exert much of its control. These include, the legal and political scene prevailing within the state/ country of its operations, number and types of competitors, suppliers in the market, terms and conditions from financial institutions, alternative products available in the market, newer technological innovations etc. Worthington (2006) places greater importance on political developments occurring at different levels - local, national and international. Organisations resort to strategic planning to take care of these factors and. Organisations learn a lot from there environment and prevailing circumstances. But the strategic intent alone cannot be planned all in advance. It has to be a continuous evolutionary process depending upon the experiences. Henry Ford said, "Failure is the opportunity to begin again more intelligently"1 Environment Analysis: It involves studying and analyzing the surroundings to identify the competitors, the threats and opportunities. Maslow's hierarchy of needs argued that the driving force for human actions is the urge for satisfaction of one or the other need. These needs go on changing depending upon a number of factors. In fact the needs of consumer/ customer and those of the organization are inter-linked because organization too is an active component, so needs of the organization too keep changing. Similarly changing needs of the customer must drive an urge for change in the organization for it to succeed in the long run. Environment changes with; The form of government i.e. whether democratic, parliamentary or not. The market forces depend a lot on the form of government. Frequency of elections and leaning of the political party coming to power. Existing trade facilitations/ barriers amongst the partner countries. For example EU is composed of 27 member states, which help businesses to prosper within the region. In addition regional trade associations like NAFTA, SAFTA etc also lessen the trade barriers and prove to be helpful in preparing strategies for the organisation. Government's economic policies, taxation rates, rates of interests, currency convertibility, competition policy, employment policy, environment protection policies etc. PESTEL analysis provides an important tool to take a comprehensive look at the external environment affecting an organisation. PESTEL determines the factors like Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental, and Legal. Organisations are supposed to devise their strategies on the basis of this analysis. Environment analysis involves market analysis as well. In fact environment analysis tends to be unique to the strategists, because what may appear to be an opportunity to one organization may